Climate Change Impacts & Trends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Climate Change Impacts & Trends - Essay Example According to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, 2014), the main cause of global warming is greenhouse effects because of the trend of human expansion. NASA named three gases as the main component that traps radiation in the atmosphere; these are methane, water vapor, and carbon dioxide. Other gases listed are the nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbons. Human activities like the burning of oil and coal play a significant role in increasing greenhouse gases (Withgott, and Brennan, 2010). Accumulation of the greenhouse gases in the space traps radiations and cause the increase in temperatures (Freedman 2012a). The increasing temperature leads to melting of the snows, which results in rising water sea levels. A rise in water sea level reduces the land for agriculture as well as changed ecosystem in the Arctic and Antarctica. Such changes in weather and climate patterns over years would lead to changes in the biodiversity, these have devastating effects on land and marine ecosystems because it affects the flora and fauna (Hoegh-Guldberg and Bruno, 2010; Van Aalst, 2006). The long-term effect is the emergence of diseases that are resistance to available drugs because they get adapted to the environment very fast hence uncontrolled diseases. Besides, the abnormal warm sea surface temperature, as well as the disappearance of Arctic sea ice, contributed significantly to these changes in weather patterns and the impact on property, land, and human life was massive especially in New Jersey, New York.

Global Financial Crisis: Aviation Industry Impact

Global Financial Crisis: Aviation Industry Impact Abstract The basic aim behind to conduct a research analysis on the affects of the global financial crisis with specific to the aviation industry. The research will help to actually analyze the after affects of the financial crisis. As we all know that aviation is one of the most important pillars of the global economy of the world. And also this sector provides millions of jobs globally and contributed heavily in the global GDP. This sector is also the most important and the most efficient mode of transportation. It provides the transportation services all over the world. So as the global financial crisis which was born due to the failure of the major financial institutions caused the drastic impacts on the world economy. And as the aviation is the important part it also got affected heavily by the crisis. Due to which this aviation sector which is one the fastest growing industry has to face negative growth rate. Also the aviation sector has to face huge losses. Some aviation companies was able to bare such huge losses but there is a big number of those aviation companies who do have capacity to bare such huge losses so they go bankrupt after the global financial crisis. CHAPTER 1: Introduction Introduction 1.1 Overview The global financial crisis was triggered in 2007 8 mainly in developed countries like United States of America. After that the crisis entered in the European countries and after a few days the crisis just take the whole of the world under its impact. Almost all of the countries in the world got affected by this financial crisis directly or indirectly. This financial crisis was born due to the failure of the major financial institution of these developed countries. These financial institutions include banks like Lehman Brothers, Bear Steams and etc. These main financial institutions of the United States are the main reason behind the financial crisis. Te global financial crisis caused impacts on almost each and every industry of the world. The key businesses which were showing good positions and were experiencing good growth experienced negative growth because of the financial crisis. Also the consumer wealth faces the billions of dollars loss due to the financial crisis. That is wh y this global Financial Crisis is thought to be the worst financial crisis after the great Depression of twentieth century. The main reason behind the failure of the financial institutions was the artificial bubble of the housing sector of U.S.A. This artificial bubble got height in 2006 and suddenly it burst in year 2007 8 and caused the values of the securities which were tied to the Americas real estate to massive decline. This caused the miss balance in the financial institutions of U.S.A as around 50% of their advances were given on the housing sector. As the value of the real estate falls and so do the financial institutions. And as result of which these financial institutions has bare losses of around $2.3 trillion. This is also the main reason that the most strongest financial institutions go bankrupt after baring such huge losses. As aviation is one of the most important pillars of the global economy of the world. And also this sector provides millions of jobs globally and contributed heavily in the global GDP. This sector is also the most important and the most efficient mode of transportation. It provides the transportation services all over the world. So as the global financial crisis which was born due to the failure of the major financial institutions caused the drastic impacts on the world economy. And as the aviation is the important part it also got affected heavily by the crisis. Due to which this aviation sector which is one the fastest growing industry has to face negative growth rate. . Also the aviation sector has to face huge losses. Some aviation companies was able to bare such huge losses but there is a big number of those aviation companies who do have capacity to bare such huge losses so they go bankrupt after the global financial crisis. 1.2 Background Information The global financial crisis hit the world economy in 2008 and left drastic affects on the world economy, especially the growing industries. The crisis arose first in U.S.A and Europe due to the failures of the main financial institutions. This failure of some financial institutions, lead to the biggest financial crisis after the great depression. The main reason behind the failure of the financial institutions was the artificial bubble of the housing sector of U.S.A. This artificial bubble got height in 2006 and suddenly it burst in year 2007 8 and caused the values of the securities which were tied to the Americas real estate to massive decline. This caused the miss balance in the financial institutions of U.S.A as around 50% of their advances were given on the housing sector. As the value of the real estate falls and so do the financial institutions. And as result of which these financial institutions has bare losses of around $2.3 trillion. This is also the main reason that the m ost strongest financial institutions go bankrupt after baring such huge losses. Impact on Aviation sector As the global economy was disturbed due to this financial crisis of 2008 so Aviation being as one of the main pillars of global economy, it also got affected. As aviation is the main source of transportation throughout the world. The crisis had deeply struck this growing industry. Due to global financial crisis the aviation industry had experienced the negative growth. The impact of the crisis was so huge that a big number of airline companies go bankrupt and those who survived still had to face huge losses. Importance With Respect To The World The global financial crisis is of great importance to the global economy as it has caused drastic impacts on the global economy. Most of the economies of the developed nations are heavily affected by the crisis. It causes the negative impact on almost all of the global businesses. The global financial crisis, brewing for a while, really started to show its effects in the middle of 2007 and into 2008. Around the world stock markets have fallen, large financial institutions have collapsed or been bought out, and governments in even the wealthiest nations have had to come up with rescue packages to bail out their financial system The aviation throughout the world faces the losses in their revenue because of the increasing oil prices and the global financial crisis. Many of the small airlines as well as some big airlines companies go bankrupt. Importance With Respect To Pakistan The Pakistani economy is not as badly affected as that of other countries by the global recession of 2007-2008. The global financial crisis that hit the world very severely has not left many impacts on the economy of Pakistan. Just as the economy has remained safe from getting adverse impacts, the Pakistan International Airline has not been affected that badly either. However, the year 2008 failed to bring any crucial improvements in the overall and financial performance of Pakistan International Airlines. The conundrums, the issues and the problems of the previous years remained and hindered the progress. These similar problems led to further loss and at the end, the company had to bear a higher net loss than the previous year. A short study of the year 2007 shows that during that year, the company went through several unpleasant experiences. It had to face a number of financial, marketing and operational problems. Operating restrictions which were imposed by the European Union duri ng the first few months of the year, led to great disruption in the Pakistan International Airlines schedules and also caused great curtailment in the capacity. During all this, the Pakistan International Airline lost market share. This made the conditions even more difficult for the Pakistan International Airlines. The tremendous increase in the oil prices, which had never been seen before, put adverse effects on the PIAs bottom line. PIA was left with no other choice but to bear the load and burden of paying for the expensive fuel. Moreover, the increase in the salaries if certain categories of personnel and depreciation of the rupee towards the end of the year, both aggravated the situation. 1.4 Research Question There are many reasons that I have chosen this topic of Impact assessment of global financial crisi on the aviation industry. First of all since child the air planes really used to fascinate. It was my dream to become a pilot but I couldnt make to that. But I want to join aviation sector after my studies as I am trying to get admission in Emirates School of Aviation to do MBA in aviation management. That is why I have chosen this specific topic to do research. I think that I have find and learn a lot of new things, facts and figures about aviation industry. So I really want to know about the ups and down in aviation sector. The scope of the research is basically to focus on how the global financial crisis has cause impacts on aviation industry or how GFC has affected the aviation sector specifically. And also to analyze different factors involve in affecting this fastest growing sector of the world. Bay basic Research Question is How the global financial crisis has cause impact on AVIATION INDUSTRY. CHAPTER 2: Literature Review Literature Review The literature review will focus on the issues and the reasons that how the Global financial Crisis has affected the Aviation Industry as a whole, it will mainly be focusing on the different factors involved that affect the aviation. 1 Peter Morrell in his articles Can long haul low cost Airlines be successful talks about low cost airlines. Author says an important task is to determine if LCC business model which is largely short haul can work over long haul sectors or not. This paper examines the advantages of LCCs including the cost and it also appraises how far they can be applied to long haul sectors. The author says that it is seen that the cost advantages might be much lower than approximately 50-60% on short hauls. He also says that the factors such as the implementation and acceptance of some LCC features by network airlines and their anticipated response, the limited potential for market stimulation, the need for dense markets and feed traffic all cast doubt on the prevailing establishment of the business model for long-haul fights. 2 Jacob Denaro in his article Aviation says that due to the worlds energy crisis, there has been as increase in the cost of fuel which has affected U.S. international air carriers adversely. According to the author, the cost of fuel on international air routes increased up to three times than that of domestic jet fuel because it was not under the influence of federal price controls. This aroused the need for subsidies to cover these high fuel bills since Nov,1973. The airlines position was approved by the Chairman of the Civil Aeronautics Board. While the issue stayed unsettled, Pan Am asked the Board for the right to arbitrate the consolidation of trans-Atlantic services on the basis that the rapidly increasing fuel prices had plunged it into a financial crisis. Pan Am also asked for the permission to discuss with TWA the possible consolidation of operations, coordinated services and sharing of revenues on trans-Atlantic routes. TWA approved of his position before the Board and filed a petition of its own. The Justice Department stated that the proposition would decrease competition and would prove to be detrimental to the public. The Departments Anti-Trust Division mentioned that pooling would not make the financial impact of the fuel situation any less acute, international air travelers are provided better sevice because of the system of competition which is there, and that the pooling arrangements decrease the incentives to provide both economical and efficient services. These and some other reasons were behind the opposition to the airlines request. 3 Dr. Geraint Harvey Professor Turnbull in their report The Impact of the Financial Crisis on Labor of the Civil Aviation Industry say that civil Aviation is an important and indispensable part of the world economy. It affects activities from every sphere of life and provides employment to a great number of people. This industry provides 31.9 million jobs all around the world. At first, the industry suffered greatly at the hands of the attacks of Sept11,2001 and is now adversely affected because of the global financial crisis. The financial crisis hit the employment in the airline industry as many people have lost their jobs. Managerial authorities believe that it may take years to restore the industry to its normal condition. The study discusses the ways in which the job losses have been taken care of or dealt with. 4 Novie John Prof. Peter Jones in their article The Impact of Economic Downturn in the Flight Catering Industry say that the number of air passengers has greatly decreased which has led to different flights being cancelled. Customers have turned to more economical and cheaper alternatives. So, different companies are compelled to lessen the fares while providing the same standard services. Buying approach has changed. People now try to find cheaper alternatives and solutions. Some people say that all the sectors are equally affected by the present recession. The number of the business class passengers has reduced which has left a great impact on the scheduled airlines. Effects are felt differently of the current recession in the different parts of the world. American economy and the European economy have suffered the most in the recent crisis. Many people believe that the impact of the crisis will only remain for a short time whereas some believe that it may take as long as 5 years. 5 Markus Franke and Florian John in their article What Comes Next After Recession? Airline Industry Scenarios and Potential End Games say that the economic crisis of 2008 has proved to be more severe than that of 2001/2003. Airlines tried their best to minimize their operating costs and operating expenses but still they failed to bypass the effects of the global recession. Also, the process of recovery in profits has been very slow in various airlines. Although a decrease in demand was expected, the crisis caused many other effects that were not expected by any of the experts. During the recession of 2008, the fuel prices rose dramatically which reduced the profits extensively. This recession led to a huge decline in the demand for air travel. Most airlines around the world reacted immediately in 2008 as they reduced their capacity in the short run. And also many of the small airlines have to close down their operations and also go bankrupt as well. 6 Muhammad Usman in his article Global Financial Crisis: Its Impact On Developing Countries And Lessons For Pakistan says that the recession of 2008 was the worst financial crisis ever experienced after the Great Depression of 1930s. This financial crisis arose due to the failure of the major financial institutions of the United States of America including the leading banks like Lehman Brothers. The impact of this financial crisis also caused drastic impacts on the European economy resulting in the downward trends in the stock exchange and also a significant impact on the value of different subprime mortgages at the same time. The recent financial crisis also caused negative impacts on the world economy as a whole. Almost each and every aspect of the global economy got affected by the financial crisis. Economy of Pakistan being part of the global economy also got affected by the global financial crisis. But as Pakistani economy is already facing so many problems do get that much affect ed by the financial crisis. 7 A Google Book Aviation Industry Performance says that the aviation industry had to face many challenges during the year 2008. Many passengers even changed their preferences and demands which worsened the condition. Operating costs also increased due to increase in the fuel prices. Both , the increase in oil prices and the recession led to service terminations and many bankruptcies. After the recession of 2008, different companies took steps to cope with the situation. They achieved the target of improving the economic conditions by cutting costs and increasing the fares. The number of domestic scheduled flights was reduced. The airlines that used small air crafts were forced to eradicate them or minimize their number. Soon, reduction in the number of scheduled flights was seen and the companies reduced the fares to increase the demand until new capacity cuts were introduced. (Elizabeth Tinoco director ILO Sectoral Activities Department) Aviation industry supports 31.9 million jobs globally. Markus Frank and Florian John (2010). Before financial crisis Aviation industry had an annual growth rate of 7 % to 9%. Markus Frank and Florian John (2010). In Oil Crisis of 1979-80 and Asian Financial Crisis the Aviation industry grew at least 2% annually. Markus Frank and Florian John (2010). Only three times the Aviation industry have seen the negative growth. Neil Dias Karunaratne (2009) Global financial Crisis deeply effect the Aviation Industry. Markus Frank and Florian John (2010). Drop of 6.1%of overall air traffic was recorded in 2009 CHAPTER 3: Methodology Methodology The topic of my research is Impact Assessment Of Global Financial Crisis On Aviation Industry. The methodology will tell us as to what models to apply and on the basis of that results will be formulated and interpreted and the most affecting variable will be verified. Research Type: The type of research which I will be conducting is quantitative in nature. As the data of my research is mainly secondary and mostly its in numbers so qualitative does not suite my research topic. As there are lots of numeric data involved in my research so I have to run different statistical models which are only possible in quantitative type of research. Data Type and Research Period: Data used in my research will be secondary in nature. The data could in form of time series data gathered from various databases. The reference period of data used in my research is of five years ranging from 2005 to 2009. Sources of Data: Data for my research will be most likely taken from several databases and related websites. The major sources of data collection are the reports, working papers and actual facts of Air Carrier Traffic Statistics, IATA, WDI, ILO, JSTOR etc. data of oil prices will be taken from OPEC web site. Data on tourism will be taken from WDI and data on GDP will also be taken from WDI and different economic surveys. Data on unemployment, less travel demand and couriers will also be gathered. Theoretical Framework Operational Definitions: Aviation: means science and technology of flight through air i.e. airlines 9/11: attack on the world trade centre. GFC: Global Financial Crisis. SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. GDP: Gross Domestic Product. Financial Markets: is a mechanism that allows people to buy and sell (trade) financial securities (stocks and bonds), commodities (precious metals) and other fungible items of value at low transaction cost. Asian financial crisis: The Asian Financial Crisis was a period of financial crisis that gripped much of Asia beginning in July 1997, and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown due to financial contagion. RPK: Revenue Passenger kilometer (RPK) is a measure of a passenger traffic for an airline flight, bus, or train calculated by multiplying the total number of revenue-paying passengers aboard the vehicle by the distance traveled measured in miles Techniques: The technique to be carried out for research will be Regression analysis. Regression analysis is a statistical technique which is used to determine the relationships between variables. It involves modeling and analyzing variables relationships between one dependent variable and several independent variables. Data Analysis: The statistical softwares to be employed for research purpose are Minitab, Statgraphics and EViews. Regression for each variable will be run. The research will also use graphs and tables for illustration. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS H0: Global Financial Crisis has not cause significant impacts on Aviation Industry. HA: Global Financial Crisis cause significant impacts on Aviation Industry. H0: Crude Oil Prices has not significant effect on Aviation Industry. HA: Crude Oil Prices have significant effect on Aviation Industry. H0: GDP growth has not significant effect on Aviation Industry. HA: GDP growth has any significant effect on Aviation Industry. H0: Inflation rate has not significant effect on Aviation Industry. HA: Inflation rate have any significant effect on Aviation Industry. H0: Unemployment rate has not significant effect on Aviation Industry. HA: Unemployment rate have any significant effect on Aviation Industry. CHAPTER 4: Results and Analysis Results and Analysis RESULTS Multiple Regression Analysis Dependent variable: Registered Carrier Departures Standard T Parameter Estimate Error Statistic P-Value CONSTANT 1.17957E7 1.17689E6 10.0227 0.0000 Crude Oil Prices 36212.5 6652.45 5.44348 0.0001 GDP Growth % -50451.8 93127.7 -0.541749 0.5959 Inflation annual % -541064.0 104745.0 -5.16555 0.0001 Unemployment % -547932.0 133271.0 -4.11141 0.0009 - Analysis of Variance Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value Model 2.10578E13 4 5.26444E12 22.98 0.000 Residual 3.4357E12 15 2.29047E11 Total (Corr.) 2.44935E13 19 R-squared = 85.973 percent R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 82.2325 percent Standard Error of Est. = 478588.0 Mean absolute error = 323221.0 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1.67531 The StatAdvisor The output shows the results of fitting a multiple linear regression model to describe the relationship between Registered Carrier Departures and 4 independent variables. The equation of the fitted model is Registered Carrier Departures = 1.17957E7 50451.8*GDP Growth % -541064.0*Inflation 36212.5*Oil Prices 547932.0*Unemployment % Since the P-value in the ANOVA table is less than 0.01, there is a statistically significant relationship between the variables at the 99% confidence level. The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains 85.973% of the variability in Registered Carrier Departures. The adjusted R-squared statistic, which is more suitable for comparing models with different numbers of independent variables, is 82.2325%. The standard error of the estimate shows the standard deviation of the residuals to be 478588.0. This value can be used to construct prediction limits for new observations by selecting the Reports option from the text menu. The mean absolute error (MAE) of 323221.0 is the average value of the residuals. The Durbin-Watson (DW) statistic tests the residuals to determine if there is any significant correlation based on the order in which they occur in your data file. Since the DW value is greater than 1.4, there is probably not any serious autocorrelation in the residuals. In determining whether the model can be simplified, notice that the highest P-value on the independent variables is 0.5959, belonging to unemployment. Since the P-value is greater or equal to 0.10, that term is not statistically significant at the 90% or higher confidence level. Consequently, you should consider removing GDP Growth % from the model. Regression Analysis Crude Oil Prices: H0: ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0 HA: ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 0 ÃŽÂ ± =0.01, Çâ‚ ¬test statÇâ‚ ¬ > tc tc = 2.539 t-stat=5.4438 >2.539 Sign of t-stat is not the same as expected. We do not reject Ho as the coefficient of the crude oil prices is not coming out to be significant at 1% level of significance. GDP Growth %: H0: ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 0 HA: ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0 ÃŽÂ ± =0.01 tc = 2.539 Çâ‚ ¬test statÇâ‚ ¬ Çâ‚ ¬o.541749Çâ‚ ¬ Sign of GDP Growth % is not the same as expected. We do not reject H0, as the GDP Growth is not coming out to be significant at 1% level of significance. Inflation % H0: ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0 HA: ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 0 ÃŽÂ ± =0.01 tc = 2.539 Çâ‚ ¬test statÇâ‚ ¬ > tc Çâ‚ ¬-5.16555Çâ‚ ¬ > 2.539 Sign of tstat is the same as the expected sign of HA We reject H0, as annual inflation is coming out to be significant at 1 % level of signifance. Unemployment H0: ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0 HA: ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 0 ÃŽÂ ± =0.01 tc = 2.539 Çâ‚ ¬test statÇâ‚ ¬ > tc Çâ‚ ¬-4.11141Çâ‚ ¬ > 2.539 Sign of tstat is the same as the expected sign of HA We reject H0 as unemployment rate % is coming out to be significant at 1 % level. Interpretation of the Variables: The no of registered carrier departure will be equal to 11795000, if all other independent variables are equal to zero. The Coefficient of the crude oil prices is coming to be positive, which is not true. This could be because of some unobserved factors that are causing positive biasness in crude oil prices variable. Crude Oil If crude oil prices will increase by $1 then the number registered carrier departures will increase by 36212.5, keeping all other variables constant. GDP growth % If GDP growth will go up by 1%, the no. of registered carrier departure will decrease by 504.518 departures, keeping all other variables constant. Inflation % If the inflation in the US economy will increase by 1%, then the number of registered carrier departures will decrease by 5410.64 number of flights, keeping all other variables constant. Unemployment rate % If the unemployment rate in the us economy will increase by 1 % the registered carrier will decrease by 5479.32 number of flights, keeping all other variables constant. R square The simpler commonly used measure of fit is the coefficient of determination, R2. The coefficient of determination is explained sum of squares to the total sum of squares. R2= The higher the R2, the closer the closer the estimated regression equation fits the sample data. Measures of this type are called goodness of fit measures. The goodness of fit explains the variation of Y around Ã…Â ¶. R-squared = 85.973 percent R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 82.2325 percent The R-squares of this regression is 85.973 percent which is really good. Conclusion The global financial crisis was triggered in 2007 8 mainly in developed countries like United States of America. After that the crisis entered in the European countries and after a few days the crisis just take the whole of the world under its impact. Almost all of the countries in the world got affected by this financial crisis directly or indirectly. This financial crisis was born due to the failure of the major financial institution of these developed countries. These financial institutions include banks like Lehman Brothers, Bear Steams and etc. These main financial institutions of the United States are the main reason behind the financial crisis. Te global financial crisis caused impacts on almost each and every industry of the world. The key businesses which were showing good positions and were experiencing good growth experienced negative growth because of the financial crisis. Also the consumer wealth faces the billions of dollars loss due to the financial crisis. That is wh y this global Financial Crisis is thought to be the worst financial crisis after the great Depression of twentieth century. As aviation is one of the most important pillars of the global economy of the world. And also this sector provides millions of jobs globally and contributed heavily in the global GDP. This sector is also the most important and the most efficient mode of transportation. It provides the transportation services all over the world. So as the global financial crisis which was born due to the failure of the major financial institutions caused the drastic impacts on the world economy. And as the aviation is the important part it also got affected heavily by the crisis. Due to which this aviation sector which is one the fastest growing industry has to face negative growth rate. . Also the aviation sector has to face huge losses. Some aviation companies was able to bare such huge losses but there is a big number of those aviation companies who do have capacity to bare such huge losses so they go bankrupt after the global financial crisis. Ethical Issue: Refusal of Treatment Ethical Issue: Refusal of Treatment Introduction The broad scope of nursing practice demands familiarity with the all of the ethical, professional and legal issues relating to clinical practice. The Nursing and Midwifery Council standards of conduct, performance and ethics require that nurses provide high standards of practice and have a duty of care to all patients (NMC 2007). This paper discusses the case of Alastair and explores the ethical, professional and legal issues which are of relevance to clinical nursing practice in this particular case. Ethical, professional and legal issues Autonomy is defined as the right to determine what happens to one’s own body. As stated by Mill (1982): â€Å"the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant. He cannot rightfully be compelled to do or forbear because it will be better for him to do so, because it will make him happier, because, in the opinion of others to do so would be wise, or even right†. Every individual has a right to self-determination and patient autonomy forms part of that right and is protected by law (Hyland 2002). The principle of respect for autonomy forms a key component of nursing ethics (van Thiel and van Delden 2001). The nurse has an obligation to promote autonomy in the patient and work to empower the patient to make autonomous decisions where possible (Hewitt 2002). The Human Rights Act (1988) enables individuals to take action against a health authority that has failed to uphold their right to respect (OPSI 1998). Proot et al. (2002) described a study conducted in 27 health care providers from three different nursing homes, who were interviewed about autonomy issues relating to stroke patients in rehabilitation and nurses’ perceptions of patient autonomy. Study findings showed that self determination, independence and self care were all associated with the process of patients regaining their autonomy. In Alastair’s case, he was no longer independent and able to care for himself following his stroke, and had to rely on others for help with everyday activities. The nurse must therefore decide whether Alastair is capable of making a fully autonomous decision. If they believe this is not the case, they may be able to work with other members of the multidisciplinary care team to increase Alistair’s autonomy and empower him to make the best choices regarding his care. Advocacy forms an integral part of a nurse’s role and is a mandatory activity within the ethical code of all professional nurses. Advocacy involves a professional responsibility to support the patient’s needs and wishes through active involvement in a process of analysis, counselling, responding, shielding and whistle blowing (Hyland 2002; Vaartio et al. 2006). There is a therefore a relationship between nurse advocacy and patient autonomy (Hyland 2002). If nurses are to demonstrate paternalism and/or empower patients to make decisions regarding their care, they themselves must be empowered, particularly as nurses have increasingly greater accountability for their actions (Hewitt 2002; Christensen and Hewitt-Taylor 2006). The United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing Midwifery and Health Visiting states that â€Å"If the nurse does not feel that sufficient information has been given in terms readily understandable to the patient so as to enable him to make a truly informed decision, it is for her to state this opinion and seek to have the situation remedied † (UKCC 1989). It is also suggested that advocacy may place the nurse in situations of conflict, since there may be differences between nurse’s and doctor’s perceptions of autonomy at times (Mallik 2007). Supporting Alastair’s wishes and his decisions regarding his care requires the nurse to possess knowledge of his condition and the likely consequence s of discontinuing treatment. Through this empowerment, the nurse is ideally placed to educate and support Alistair in their role as advocate. Beneficence (doing good) is central to nursing philosophy, but achieving a balance between this and non-maleficence (avoiding harm) can present a challenge for nurses and the two principles may be viewed as separate ends of one continuum (Bartter 2001). In Alistair’s case, the nurse must consider the benefits and risks associated with treatment and with discontinuing treatment, and explain these to Alistair, thereby allowing him to make informed decisions. In situations where the patient is unable to make an autonomous decision, the nurse has a duty of beneficence to act in the patient’s best interests, while also respecting the patient as an individual. This would apply if Alistair was deemed not to be of sound mind and decisions regarding his treatment had to made by his care team. Veracity, or truth telling, is closely associated with informed decision making and is an important component of a trusting nurse-patient relationship. Veracity may present a dilemma for the nurse since there are times when telling the truth may cause harm to an individual (non-maleficence). Conversely there may be situations where telling a lie may actually do good (beneficence), although this goes against the principle of veracity (Ellis and Hartley 2003). The nurse has a duty to tell Alistair the truth about his condition and treatment to ensure that he is fully informed when making decisions regarding whether or not to continue with treatment/rehabilitation. Justice as fairness in nursing refers to the need for nurses to treat people equally, although this does not necessarily mean treating them in the same way (Staunton and Chiarella 2005). Nurses must acknowledge cultural, social and educational diversity and adopt appropriate strategies to achieve equal treatment for all patients. Clinical governance demands the provision of high-quality, patient-centred care and Alistair’s individual situation and specific health needs must be taken into account by the nurse during his care. All nurses, including those practicing within the community, have a duty to maintain confidentiality, although it should be acknowledged that there may be certain situations where confidentiality may be breached (Dimond 2000). Confidentiality is regarded as a critical component of good nursing care and reflects the professional responsibility of the nurse to respect a patient’s rights. The Data Protection Act 1998 also governs the protection of patients’ information (OPSI 1998). The nurse should therefore maintain Alistair’s confidentiality unless there is good reason not to do so. Consent to treatment is central to the nurse-patient relationship and it is the patient’s decision alone as to whether they accept or reject treatment. As nurses broaden their scope of practice, issues surrounding patient consent to treatment are becoming increasingly important (Anon 1997). It is a principle of UK law that a competent adult who has passes the Re C test may refuse treatment even if his life depends on it (Dimond 2004). The Court of Appeal has stated that provided the patient has the necessary mental capacity (assessed in relation to the decision that has to me made), they can refuse to give consent with or without a reason for doing so. In UK law, the court protects the right of the individual in this regard. This was illustrated in a case where the court ruled that â€Å"It is established that the principle of self-determination requires that respect must be given to the wishes of the patient, so that, if an adult patient of sound mind refuses, however unreasonably, to consent to treatment or care by which his life would or might be prolonged, the doctors responsible for his care must give effect to his wishes, eventhough they do not consider it to be in his best interests to do so† (Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] AC 789). More recently was a case in which a woman paralysed from the neck down refused treatment in order to end her life. The woman was assessed to be of sound mind. The Court of Appeal ruling allowed a ventilator keeping the woman alive to be switched off, re-enforcing the duty of the healthcare professional to respect the wishes of a competed patient (Re B v NHS Trust [2002]). [Client: this case is similar to that of Alistair in that the patient was of sound mind and refused treatment. I was unable to find any cases relating to refusal of medical treatment in older adults of sound mind following stroke] In the case of Alistair, he initially was receiving medical treatment but took a subsequent decision to refuse further treatment. An assessment should be made to determine whether Alistair is of sound mind and is capable of making informed decisions regarding his care. If he is indeed competent, the nurse should work to promote Alistair’s autonomy through education and other methods, taking into account the ethical principles of beneficence and non-maleficence, veracity and justice, to ensure that he possesses adequate knowledge to make the best decisions on his care. At present, Alistair’s health is reasonably good; however, his decision not to continue with treatment and rehabilitation is likely to have a negative impact on his health and well-being in the longer term. Both of the case laws described above are applicable to the case of Alistair, since, should this case reach the Court of Appeal and he is assessed as competent, the judge is likely to rule that Alistair ’s wishes must be respected and his can continue to refuse treatment (based on the patient information provided in the scenario alone). Conclusions This paper has discussed the ethical, professional and legal issues relating to a specific patient case. It can be seen that these issues are inextricably linked and should all be taken into account in the provision of high-quality, patient-centred nursing care. In this case, self-determination, respecting the patient’s right to autonomy, and nurse advocacy are of particular importance, given that the patient is competent and capable of making informed decisions regarding his care. Other ethical principles including beneficence, non-maleficence, veracity and justice also play a key role in nurses’ ethical decision-making. References Anon 1997, ‘The legal and ethical implication of consent to nursing procedure’, British Journal of Nursing, vol. 6., no. 15, pp. 885–8. Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] AC 789. Retrieved 30th November 2008 from:  http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1992/5.html Bartter, K. 2001, Ethical issues in advanced nursing practice, Butterworth – Heinemann, Oxford. Christensen, M. Hewitt-Taylor, J. 2006, ‘Empowerment in nursing: paternalism or maternalism?’, British Journal of Nursing, vol. 15, no. 13, pp. 695–9. Dimond, B. 2000, ‘Legal issues arising in the community nursing 9: confidentiality’, British Journal of Community Nursing, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 401–3. Dimond, B. 2004, Legal aspects of nursing, Longman, UK. Ellis, J. R. Hartley C. L. 2003, Nursing in today’s world: challenges, issues and trends, Lippincott, New York. Hewitt, J. 2002, ‘A critical review of the arguments debating the role of the nurse advocate’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 439–45. Hyland, D. 2002, ‘An exploration of the relationship between patient autonomy and patient advocacy: implications for nursing practice’, Nursing Ethics, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 472–82. Mill, J. S. 1982, On Liberty, Penguin, Harmondsworth, Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), The Code – standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. Retrieved 30th November 2008 from:  http://www.nmc-uk.org/aFrameDisplay.aspx?DocumentID=3954 Mallik, M. 2007, ‘Advocacy in nursing – perceptions of practicing nurses’, Journal of Clinical Nursing, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 303–13. Proot, I. M., Abu-Saad, H. H., van Oorsouw, G. G., Stevens, J. J. 2002, ‘Autonomy in stroke rehabilitation: the perceptions of care providers in nursing homes’, Nursing Ethics, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 36–50. Office of Public Sector Information (OPSI) 1998, Human Rights Act 1988. Retrieved 30th November 2008 from:  http://www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts1998/ukpga_19980042_en_1 Office of Public Sector Information (OPSI) 1998. Data Protection Act 1998. Retrieved 30th November 2008 from:  1998  http://www.opsi.gov.uk/Acts/Acts1998/ukpga_19980029_en_1 Re B v NHS Trust 2002. Retrieved 30th November 2008 from:  http://www.ipsofactoj.com/international/2003/Part05/int2003(5)-005.htm Staunton, P. Chiarella, M. 2005, Nursing and the law, Elsevier Publishers, USA. Vaartio, H., Leino-Kilpi, H., Salantera, S., Suominen, T. 2006, ‘Nursing advocacy: how is it defined by patients and nurses, what does it involve and how is it experienced?’, Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 181–92. van Thiel, G. J. van Delden, J. J. 2001, ‘The principle of respect for autonomy in the case of nursing home residents’, Nursing Ethics, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 419–31. UKCC 1989, Exercising accountability – a framework to assist nurses, midwives and health visitors to consider ethical aspects of professional practice. Retrieved 30th November from:  http://www.bristol-inquiry.org.uk/final_report/annex_a/chapter_17_7.htm#1029984

Depictions of Beauty in the Victorian Era :: British History Essays

Depictions of Beauty in the Victorian Era Missing Works Cited       "What is beauty anyway? There's no such thing." (Pablo Picasso) The Victorians' obsession with physical appearance has been well documented by scholars. This was a society in which one's clothing was an immediate indication of what one did for a living (and by extension, one's station in life). It was a world, as John Reed puts it, "where things were as they seemed" (312). So it is not surprising to find that the Victorians also placed great faith in bodily appearance. To the Victorians, a face and figure could reveal the inner thoughts and emotions of the individual as reliably as clothing indicated his occupation. There is abundant evidence of the pervasiveness of this belief in the literature of the period. According to Reed, "Victorian literature abounds with expressions of faith in physiognomy" (336). He quotes a passage from Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre to prove the point: "Jane Eyre, for example, trusts her initial perception of Rochester, whose brow 'showed a solid enough mass of intellectual organs, but an abrupt deficiency where the suave sign of benevolence should have risen'" (146; ch. 14, Reed 336). In the Victorian novel, physical appearance was a primary means of characterization (Lefkovitz 1). A hero or heroine's beauty (or lack thereof) was probably the most important aspect of his or character. As Lefkovitz points out, beauty is always culturally defined. How then, did the Victorians define it? For women, that definition is a strange mixture of ideals. The Victorians admired both the strong, hearty, statuesque lady (modeled on Queen Victoria herself) and the weak, fainting beauty, who Lefkovitz uses the French word mourante to define: "dying, languishing, expiring, fainting, fading" (36). The former type was most popular in the first half of the century, according to Federico: A woman's body in the first decade of the century was . . . under considerable scrutiny, and the ideal against which she was measured was tall and statuesque, stately, elegant, refined . . . nothing is considered so outre [excessive] as a slender waist, while the en bon point is the ne plus ultra [utmost point; meaning a towering, powerful-looking woman] of feminine proportions. (30) Many writers embraced this strong, sculpted, large-bodied female type, if only to use her as a comparison to the more delicate beauty that became popular later. According to Lefkovitz, the two conventions meet (and clash) in George Eliot's Adam Bede: "Bessy Cranage .

Chapter 33 The Death Eaters

Voldemort looked away from Harry and began examining his own body. His hands were like large, pale spiders; his long white fingers caressed his own chest, his arms, his face; the red eyes, whose pupils were slits, like a cats, gleamed still more brightly through the darkness. He held up his hands and flexed the fingers, his expression rapt and exultant. He took not the slightest notice of Wormtail, who lay twitching and bleeding on the ground, nor of the great snake, which had slithered back into sight and was circling Harry again, hissing. Voldemort slipped one of those unnaturally long-fingered hands into a deep pocket and drew out a wand. He caressed it gently too; and then he raised it, and pointed it at Wormtail, who was lifted off the ground and thrown against the headstone where Harry was tied; he fell to the foot of it and lay there, crumpled up and crying. Voldemort turned his scarlet eyes upon Harry, laughing a high, cold, mirthless laugh. Wormtail's robes were shining with blood now; he had wrapped the stump of his arm in them. â€Å"My Lord†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he choked, â€Å"my Lord†¦you promised†¦you did promise†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Hold out your arm,† said Voldemort lazily. â€Å"Oh Master†¦thank you, Master†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He extended the bleeding stump, but Voldemort laughed again. â€Å"The other arm, Wormtail.† â€Å"Master, please†¦please†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Voldemort bent down and pulled out Wormtail's left arm; he forced the sleeve of Wormtail's robes up past his elbow, and Harry saw something upon the skin there, something like a vivid red tattoo – a skull with a snake protruding from its mouth – the image that had appeared in the sky at the Quidditch World Cup: the Dark Mark. Voldemort examined it carefully, ignoring Wormtail's uncontrollable weeping. â€Å"It is back,† he said softly, â€Å"they will all have noticed it†¦and now, we shall see†¦now we shall know†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He pressed his long white forefinger to the brand on Wormtail's arm. The scar on Harry's forehead seared with a sharp pain again, and Wormtail let out a fresh howl; Voldemort removed his fingers from Wormtail's mark, and Harry saw that it had turned jet black. A look of cruel satisfaction on his face, Voldemort straightened up, threw back his head, and stared around at the dark graveyard. â€Å"How many will be brave enough to return when they feel it?† he whispered, his gleaming red eyes fixed upon the stars. â€Å"And how many will be foolish enough to stay away?† He began to pace up and down before Harry and Wormtail, eyes sweeping the graveyard all the while. After a minute or so, he looked down at Harry again, a cruel smile twisting his snakelike face. â€Å"You stand, Harry Potter, upon the remains of my late father,† he hissed softly. â€Å"A Muggle and a fool†¦very like your dear mother. But they both had their uses, did they not? Your mother died to defend you as a child†¦and I killed my father, and see how useful he has proved himself, in death†¦.† Voldemort laughed again. Up and down he paced, looking all around him as he walked, and the snake continued to circle in the grass. â€Å"You see that house upon the hillside, Potter? My father lived there. My mother, a witch who lived here in this village, fell in love with him. But he abandoned her when she told him what she was†¦.He didn't like magic, my father†¦ â€Å"He left her and returned to his Muggle parents before I was even born. Potter, and she died giving birth to me, leaving me to be raised in a Muggle orphanage†¦but I vowed to find him†¦I revenged myself upon him, that fool who gave me his name†¦Tom Riddle†¦.† Still he paced, his red eyes darting from grave to grave. â€Å"Listen to me, reliving family history†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he said quietly, â€Å"why, I am growing quite sentimental†¦.But look, Harry! My true family returns†¦.† The air was suddenly full of the swishing of cloaks. Between graves, behind the yew tree, in every shadowy space, wizards were Apparating. All of them were hooded and masked. And one by one they moved forward†¦slowly, cautiously, as though they could hardly believe their eyes Voldemort stood in silence, waiting for them. Then one of the Death Eaters fell to his knees, crawled toward Voldemort and kissed the hem of his black robes. â€Å"Master†¦Master†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he murmured. The Death Eaters behind him did the same; each of them approaching Voldemort on his knees and kissing his robes, before backing away and standing up, forming a silent circle, which enclosed Tom Riddle's grave, Harry, Voldemort, and the sobbing and twitching heap that was Wormtail. Yet they left gaps in the circle, as though waiting for more people. Voldemort, however, did not seem to expect more. He looked around at the hooded faces, and though there was no wind rustling seemed to run around the circle, as though it had shivered. â€Å"Welcome, Death Eaters,† said Voldemort quietly. â€Å"Thirteen years†¦thirteen years since last we met. Yet you answer my call as though it were yesterday, we are still united under the Dark Mark, then! Or are we?† He put back his terrible face and sniffed, his slit-like nostrils widening. â€Å"I smell guilt,† he said. â€Å"There is a stench or guilt upon the air. A second shiver ran around the circle, as though each member of it longed, but did not dare to step back from him. â€Å"I see you all, whole and healthy, with your powers intact – such prompt appearances! and I ask myself†¦why did this band of wizards never come to the aid of their master, to whom they swore eternal loyalty?† No one spoke. No one moved except Wormtail, who was upon the ground, still sobbing over his bleeding arm. â€Å"And I answer myself,† whispered Voldemort, â€Å"they must have believed me broken, they thought I was gone. They slipped back among my enemies, and they pleaded innocence, and ignorance, and bewitchment †¦. â€Å"And then I ask myself, but how could they have believed I would not rise again? They, who knew the steps I took, long ago, to guard myself against mortal death? They, who had seen proofs of the immensity of my power in the times when I was mightier than any wizard living? â€Å"And I answer myself, perhaps they believed a still greater power could exist, one that could vanquish even Lord Voldemort†¦perhaps they now pay allegiance to another†¦perhaps that champion of commoners, of Mudbloods and Muggles, Albus Dumbledore?† At the mention of Dumbledore's name, the members of the circle stirred, and some muttered and shook their heads. Voldemort ignored them. â€Å"It is a disappointment to me†¦I confess myself disappointed†¦.† One of the men suddenly flung himself forward, breaking the circle. Trembling from head to foot, he collapsed at Voldemort's feet. â€Å"Master!† he shrieked, â€Å"Master, forgive me! Forgive us all!† Voldemort began to laugh. He raised his wand. â€Å"Crucio!† The Death Eater on the ground writhed and shrieked; Harry was sure the sound must carry to the houses around†¦.Let the police come, he thought desperately†¦anyone†¦anything†¦ Voldemort raised his wand. The tortured Death Eater lay flat upon the ground, gasping. â€Å"Get up, Avery,† said Voldemort softly. â€Å"Stand up. You ask for forgiveness? I do not forgive. I do not forget. Thirteen long years†¦I want thirteen years' repayment before I forgive you. Wormtail here has paid some of his debt already, have you not, Wormtail?† He looked down at Wormtail, who continued to sob. â€Å"You returned to me, not out of loyalty, but out of fear of your old friends. You deserve this pain, Wormtail. You know that, don't you?† â€Å"Yes, Master,† moaned Wormtail, â€Å"please. Master†¦please†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Yet you helped return me to my body,† said Voldemort coolly, watching Wormtail sob on the ground. â€Å"Worthless and traitorous as you are, you helped me†¦and Lord Voldemort rewards his helpers†¦.† Voldemort raised his wand again and whirled it through the air. A streak of what looked like molten silver hung shining in the wand's wake. Momentarily shapeless, it writhed and then formed itself into a gleaming replica of a human hand, bright as moonlight, which soared downward and fixed itself upon Wormtail's bleeding wrist. Wormtail's sobbing stopped abruptly. His breathing harsh and ragged, he raised his head and stared in disbelief at the silver hand, now attached seamlessly to his arm, as though he were wearing a dazzling glove. He flexed the shining fingers, then, trembling, picked up a small twig on the ground and crushed it into powder. â€Å"My Lord,† he whispered. â€Å"Master†¦it is beautiful†¦thank you†¦thank you†¦.† He scrambled forward on his knees and kissed the hem of Voldemort's robes. â€Å"May your loyalty never waver again, Wormtail,† said Voldemort. â€Å"No, my Lord†¦never, my Lord†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Wormtail stood up and took his place in the circle, staring at his powerful new hand, his face still shining with tears. Voldemort now approached the man on Wormtail's right. â€Å"Lucius, my slippery friend,† he whispered, halting before him. â€Å"I am told that you have not renounced the old ways, though to the world you present a respectable face. You are still ready to take the lead in a spot of Muggle-torture, I believe? Yet you never tried to find me, Lucius†¦.Your exploits at the Quidditch World Cup were fun, I daresay†¦but might not your energies have been better directed toward finding and aiding your master?† â€Å"My Lord, I was constantly on the alert,† came Lucius Malfoy's voice swiftly from beneath the hood. â€Å"Had there been any sign from you, any whisper of your whereabouts, I would have been at your side immediately, nothing could have prevented me -â€Å" â€Å"And yet you ran from my Mark, when a faithful Death Eater sent it into the sky last summer?† said Voldemort lazily, and Mr. Malfoy stopped talking abruptly. â€Å"Yes, I know all about that, Lucius†¦.You have disappointed me†¦.I expect more faithful service in the future.† â€Å"Of course, my Lord, of course†¦.You are merciful, thank you†¦.† Voldemort moved on, and stopped, staring at the space – large enough for two people – that separated Malfoy and the next man. â€Å"The Lestranges should stand here,† said Voldemort quietly. â€Å"But they are entombed in Azkaban. They were faithful. They went to Azkaban rather than renounce me†¦.When Azkaban is broken open, the Lestranges will be honored beyond their dreams. The dementors will join us†¦they are our natural allies†¦we will recall the banished giants†¦I shall have all my devoted servants returned to me, and an army of creatures whom all fear†¦.† He walked on. Some of the Death Eaters he passed in silence, but he paused before others and spoke to them. â€Å"Macnair†¦destroying dangerous beasts for the Ministry of Magic now, Wormtail tells me? You shall have better victims than that soon, Macnair. Lord Voldemort will provide†¦.† â€Å"Thank you, Master†¦thank you,† murmured Macnair. â€Å"And here† – Voldemort moved on to the two largest hooded figures – â€Å"we have Crabbe†¦you will do better this time, will you not, Crabbe? And you, Goyle?† They bowed clumsily, muttering dully. â€Å"Yes, Master†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"We will, Master†¦.† â€Å"The same goes for you, Nott,† said Voldemort quietly as he walked past a stooped figure in Mr. Goyles shadow. â€Å"My Lord, I prostrate myself before you, I am your most faithful -â€Å" â€Å"That will do,† said Voldemort. He had reached the largest gap of all, and he stood surveying it with his blank, red eyes, as though he could see people standing there. â€Å"And here we have six missing Death Eaters†¦three dead in my service. One, too cowardly to return†¦he will pay. One, who I believe has left me forever†¦he will be killed, of course†¦and one, who remains my most faithful servant, and who has already reentered my service.† The Death Eaters stirred, and Harry saw their eyes dart sideways at one another through their masks. â€Å"He is at Hogwarts, that faithful servant, and it was through his efforts that our young friend arrived here tonight†¦. â€Å"Yes,† said Voldemort, a grin curling his lipless mouth as the eyes of the circle flashed in Harry's direction. â€Å"Harry Potter has kindly joined us for my rebirthing party. One might go so far as to call him my guest of honor.† There was a silence. Then the Death Eater to the right of Wormtail stepped forward, and Lucius Malfoy's voice spoke from under the mask. â€Å"Master, we crave to know†¦we beg you to tell us†¦how you have achieved this†¦this miracle†¦how you managed to return to us†¦.† â€Å"Ah, what a story it is, Lucius,† said Voldemort. â€Å"And it begins – and ends – with my young friend here.† He walked lazily over to stand next to Harry, so that the eyes of the whole circle were upon the two of them. The snake continued to circle. â€Å"You know, of course, that they have called this boy my downfall?† Voldemort said softly, his red eyes upon Harry, whose scar began to burn so fiercely that he almost screamed in agony. â€Å"You all know that on the night I lost my powers and my body, I tried to kill him. His mother died in the attempt to save him – and unwittingly provided him with a protection I admit I had not foreseen†¦.I could not touch the boy.† Voldemort raised one of his long white fingers and put it very close to Harry's cheek. â€Å"His mother left upon him the traces other sacrifice†¦.This is old magic, I should have remembered it, I was foolish to overlook it†¦but no matter. I can touch him now.† Harry felt the cold tip of the long white finger touch him, and thought his head would burst with the pain. Voldemort laughed softly in his ear, then took the finger away and continued addressing the Death Eaters. â€Å"I miscalculated, my friends, I admit it. My curse was deflected by the woman's foolish sacrifice, and it rebounded upon myself. Aaah†¦pain beyond pain, my friends; nothing could have prepared me for it. I was ripped from my body, I was less than spirit, less than the meanest ghost†¦but still, I was alive. What I was, even I do not know†¦I, who have gone further than anybody along the path that leads to immortality. You know my goal – to conquer death. And now, I was tested, and it appeared that one or more of my experiments had worked†¦for I had not been killed, though the curse should have done it. Nevertheless, I was as powerless as the weakest creature alive, and without the means to help myself†¦for I had no body, and every spell that might have helped me required the use of a wand†¦. â€Å"I remember only forcing myself, sleeplessly, endlessly, second by second, to exist†¦.I settled in a faraway place, in a forest, and I waited†¦.Surely, one of my faithful Death Eaters would try and find me†¦one of them would come and perform the magic I could not, to restore me to a body†¦, but I waited in vain†¦.† The shiver ran once more around the circle of listening Death Eaters. Voldemort let the silence spiral horribly before continuing. â€Å"Only one power remained to me. I could possess the bodies of others. But I dared not go where other humans were plentiful, for I knew that the Aurors were still abroad and searching for me. I sometimes inhabited animals – snakes, of course, being my preference – but I was little better off inside them than as pure spirit, for their bodies were ill adapted to perform magic†¦and my possession of them shortened their lives; none of them lasted long†¦. â€Å"Then†¦four years ago†¦the means for my return seemed assured. A wizard – young, foolish, and gullible – wandered across my path in the forest I had made my home. Oh, he seemed the very chance I had been dreaming of†¦for he was a teacher at Dumbledore's school†¦he was easy to bend to my will†¦he brought me back to this country, and after a while, I took possession of his body, to supervise him closely as he carried out my orders. But my plan failed. I did not manage to steal the Sorcerer's Stone. I was not to be assured immortal life. I was thwarted†¦thwarted, once again, by Harry Potter†¦.† Silence once more; nothing was stirring, not even the leaves on the yew tree. The Death Eaters were quite motionless, the glittering eyes in their masks fixed upon Voldemort, and upon Harry. â€Å"The servant died when I left his body, and I was left as weak as ever I had been,† Voldemort continued. â€Å"I returned to my hiding place far away, and I will not pretend to you that I didn't then fear that I might never regain my powers†¦.Yes, that was perhaps my darkest hour†¦I could not hope that I would be sent another wizard to possess†¦and I had given up hope, now, that any of my Death Eaters cared what had become of me†¦.† One or two of the masked wizards in the circle moved uncomfortably, but Voldemort took no notice. â€Å"And then, not even a year ago, when I had almost abandoned hope, it happened at last†¦a servant returned to me. Wormtail here, who had faked his own death to escape justice, was driven out of hiding by those he had once counted friends, and decided to return to his master. He sought me in the country where it had long been rumored I was hiding†¦helped, of course, by the rats he met along the way. Wormtail has a curious affinity with rats, do you not, Wormtail? His filthy little friends told him there was a place, deep in an Albanian forest, that they avoided, where small animals like themselves had met their deaths by a dark shadow that possessed them†¦. â€Å"But his journey back to me was not smooth, was it, Wormtail? For, hungry one night, on the edge of the very forest where he had hoped to find me, he foolishly stopped at an inn for some food†¦and who should he meet there, but one Bertha Jorkins, a witch from the Ministry of Magic. â€Å"Now see the way that fate favors Lord Voldemort. This might have been the end of Wormtail, and of my last hope for regeneration. But Wormtail – displaying a presence of mind I would never have expected from him – convinced Bertha Jorkins to accompany him on a nighttime stroll. He overpowered her†¦he brought her to me. And Bertha Jorkins, who might have ruined all, proved instead to be a gift beyond my wildest dreams†¦for – with a little persuasion – she became a veritable mine of information. â€Å"She told me that the Triwizard Tournament would be played at Hogwarts this year. She told me that she knew of a faithful Death Eater who would be only too willing to help me, if I could only contact him. She told me many things†¦but the means I used to break the Memory Charm upon her were powerful, and when I had extracted all useful information from her, her mind and body were both damaged beyond repair. She had now served her purpose. I could not possess her. I disposed of her.† Voldemort smiled his terrible smile, his red eyes blank and pitiless. â€Å"Wormtail's body, of course, was ill adapted for possession, as all assumed him dead, and would attract far too much attention if noticed. However, he was the able-bodied servant I needed, and, poor wizard though he is, Wormtail was able to follow the instructions I gave him, which would return me to a rudimentary, weak body of my own, a body I would be able to inhabit while awaiting the essential ingredients for true rebirth†¦a spell or two of my own invention†¦a little help from my dear Nagini,† Voldemort's red eyes fell upon the continually circling snake, â€Å"a potion concocted from unicorn blood, and the snake venom Nagini provided†¦I was soon returned to an almost human form, and strong enough to travel. â€Å"There was no hope of stealing the Sorcerer's Stone anymore, for I knew that Dumbledore would have seen to it that it was destroyed. But I was willing to embrace mortal life again, before chasing immortality. I set my sights lower†¦I would settle for my old body back again, and my old strength. â€Å"I knew that to achieve this – it is an old piece of Dark Magic, the potion that revived me tonight – I would need three powerful ingredients. Well, one of them was already at hand, was it not, Wormtail? Flesh given by a servant†¦. â€Å"My father's bone, naturally, meant that we would have to come here, where he was buried. But the blood of a foe†¦Wormtail would have had me use any wizard, would you not, Wormtail? Any wizard who had hated me†¦as so many of them still do. But I knew the one I must use, if I was to rise again, more powerful than I had been when I had fallen. I wanted Harry Potters blood. I wanted the blood of the one who had stripped me of power thirteen years ago†¦for the lingering protection his mother once gave him would then reside in my veins too†¦. â€Å"But how to get at Harry Potter? For he has been better protected than I think even he knows, protected in ways devised by Dumbledore long ago, when it fell to him to arrange the boy's future. Dumbledore invoked an ancient magic, to ensure the boy's protection as long as he is in his relations' care. Not even I can touch him there†¦.Then, of course, there was the Quidditch World Cup†¦.I thought his protection might be weaker there, away from his relations and Dumbledore, but I was not yet strong enough to attempt kidnap in the midst of a horde of Ministry wizards. And then, the boy would return to Hogwarts, where he is under the crooked nose of that Muggle-loving fool from morning until night. So how could I take him? â€Å"Why†¦by using Bertha Jorkins's information, of course. Use my one faithful Death Eater, stationed at Hogwarts, to ensure that the boy's name was entered into the Goblet of Fire. Use my Death Eater to ensure that the boy won the tournament – that he touched the Triwizard Cup first – the cup which my Death Eater had turned into a Portkey, which would bring him here, beyond the reach of Dumbledore's help and protection, and into my waiting arms. And here he is†¦the boy you all believed had been my downfall†¦.† Voldemort moved slowly forward and turned to face Harry. He raised his wand. â€Å"Crucio!† It was pain beyond anything Harry had ever experienced; his very bones were on fire; his head was surely splitting along his scar; his eyes were rolling madly in his head; he wanted it to end†¦to black out†¦to die†¦ And then it was gone. He was hanging limply in the ropes binding him to the headstone of Voldemort's father, looking up into those bright red eyes through a kind of mist. The night was ringing with the sound of the Death Eaters' laughter. â€Å"You see, I think, how foolish it was to suppose that this boy could ever have been stronger than me,† said Voldemort. â€Å"But I want there to be no mistake in anybody's mind. Harry Potter escaped me by a lucky chance. And I am now going to prove my power by killing him, here and now, in front of you all, when there is no Dumbledore to help him, and no mother to die for him. I will give him his chance. He will be allowed to fight, and you will be left in no doubt which of us is the stronger. Just a little longer, Nagini,† he whispered, and the snake glided away through the grass to where the Death Eaters stood watching. â€Å"Now untie him, Wormtail, and give him back his wand.†

Motivation Case Essay

Motivation – is the process encouraging people to work. There are many different aspects of the theory of motivation, and they are: 1. Historically, the early views on motivation to work, such as the policy of â€Å"carrot and stick†. The adherents of this view think that man is by nature lazy, sly, selfish, wants to give less and get more, hence there is a need to constantly force him to work and systematically encouraged to achieve high results. 2. Content theories of motivation (as an incentive to work discusses the inner satisfaction of man, his needs). 3. Procedural theories of motivation (motivation occurs during labor process). Let us consider each of the theories. The content theories of motivation include: †¢ A. Maslow’s theory; †¢ K. Alderfer’s theory; †¢ D. McClelland theory; †¢ F. Hertzberg’s theory; A Maslow (1908-1970) provides the following hierarchy that makes a need for person to work. And Maslow (1908-1970) offers the following hierarchy inducing the person requirements to work: †¢ Physiological needs (hunger, thirst) †¢ Needs for safety, stability and confidence in the future †¢ Needs for love, participation, communication †¢ Needs for recognition and self-confirmation †¢ Needs for self-actualization A. Maslow assumed that needs for this hierarchy arise gradually. Satisfying primary requirements, the person gradually becomes more motivated. People not simply satisfy one need for another, but move up, changing the importance for these or those needs. Self-actualization — is the highest degree of motivating the person; his desire and strong-willed actions. Self actualization — means to become a person that individual wants to be, reach the maximum level of realization that potentially available. The problem is that: †¢ The person often doesn’t know about the abilities, mission or talent †¢ The person knows about the abilities, but doesn’t want to develop them into work. (The will is weak) †¢ The person knows about the abilities, but can’t develop them into work for a number of reasons (material, physical, etc.) According to A. Maslow, the highest level of motivation can reach only about 1% of all people. According to K. Alderfer’s theory of need the person can be combined in three separate groups: †¢ Needs for existence (safety, physiological) †¢ Needs for communication (in belongings to any group and participation in any business, aspiration to be the family member, to have friends, colleagues, etc.) †¢ The need for growth (need for recognition, self-assertion and self-improvement) These requirements are also hierarchical, but movement can go in both directions (unlike Maslow’s hierarchy) †¢ Up, if the previous need is satisfied. †¢ Down, if they don’t satisfied with higher level. In his theory of acquired needs D. McClelland proceeded from the fact that the needs are acquired under the influence of life events, experience, and training and includes: †¢ The need for achievement (the desire to self-set goals, more effectively than before, to reach them); †¢ The needs of complicity (the desire for friendly relations with others, communication, working with people); †¢ The need to dominate (the first group of individuals willing to rule for the sake of ruling, the second – to achieve goals). This system needs no strict hierarchy (as in previous theories) its elements have a mutual influence. Senior Manager, on one hand, should help to meet prevailing needs of employees and on the other hand – to promote development of those that are most needed for the labor process. For example, the need to achieve a goal of ruling with the development needs of complicity or achievements can achieve greater results. In theory, F.Herzberg points out the following two groups of factors: †¢ External or hygiene (or health factors) – wages, working conditions, status, mode, interpersonal relationships, the degree of control over the work; †¢ Motivating – growth opportunities, recognition, promotion, work. F. Herzberg concluded that the factors driving the growth of human dissatisfaction with their elimination does not necessarily lead to increased satisfaction, and vice versa. The transition from a lack of satisfaction is influenced by motivational factors and the transition from dissatisfaction with the absence dissatisfaction under the influence of external factors. Therefore, priority should be given to human dissatisfaction and then only with the help of motivating factors to ensure satisfaction. Manager’s attention only to external factors is ineffective. Procedural theories of motivation includes Vroom’s theory of expectancy, the theory of justice (equality) S. Adams, Porter-Lawler model, the theory of goal setting E. Locke’s, and concept of participatory governance. According to the theory expectations Vroom: Motivation = Expected results of the x x Expected remuneration for x The significance of the result of x (valence) †¢ Valence is positive, if the results are highly valued by the employee; †¢ Valence is negative, if the results are denied by the employee; †¢ Valence of zero, if the worker is indifferent to this result. Variables in the formula can be evaluated with points. The essence of the theory of justice (equality) Stacy Adams; People subjectively feel a fair reward for their work, their own and others compare the costs and rewards, so it is important to pay for the work to motivate employees and achieve smooth arise between negative feelings. S. Adams identified six possible human reactions to injustice. 1. Reducing self energy consumption (â€Å"I’m not going to do my best for this salary†). 2. Attempt to increase the salary for their work (requirements, blackmail, etc.). 3. Revaluation of its features (lower confidence). 4. Attempt to influence the organization or the head to change the payment or the load of other employees. 5. Selecting another object of comparison (â€Å"I do not want to be with them†). 6. Attempt to move to another department or another organization. Experienced manager should feel subordinator’s reactions and possibly smooth over the contradictions. Porter-Lawler model represents the synthesis of the theory of justice and the theory of expectations: [pic] In the model of Porter-Lawler work results are considered as a function of the external compensation (salary, the significance of payment assurance efforts and communication labor remuneration), internal reward (praise, promotion, etc.), awareness of their role in the labor process and abilities. If the size between employee’s external rewards and effort is clearly perceived by the individual communication, motivation system works completely; otherwise the employee is motivated in part with the results of the (second internal feedback) and receives only an internal reward for their labor. According to the theory of goal Edwin Locke’s motivation is determined by his goals and satisfaction with job performance. It is assumed that goal setting is a conscious process, which involves the future goals of man. The results of the individual will depend on: †¢ Complexity of task; †¢ Its features (clarity and certainty); †¢ Profitability (eligibility) it for the individual; †¢ A person’s readiness to make some effort to achieve goal (closer the goal, effort can be increased). Quality of work defined organizational factors and capable employees, which in turn affect the goals, and consequence of his motivation. Satisfaction or dissatisfaction with employee by interaction of two processes: †¢ Internal (individual assessment results in terms of correlating them with the goal); †¢ External (human evaluation by others). The disadvantages of this theory include: †¢ Poor uniformity (for uneducated people, such as clarity of purpose plays a big role, and the call for highly objective and its uncertainty leaves room for creativity); †¢ The situation is not clear when the target slave puts the head; †¢ The situation is not clear, when there is group work and the purpose of the group is placed in general; †¢ Promoting labor is not often aimed at a quick goal, and on the quality of the work task. In accordance with the concept of participatory management, employee motivation is determined by its interest in how its activities impact on the functioning of the organization, the desire to participate in the processes taking place in the organization. If an employee feels that he needs to the organization that he demanded it that between his initiative and reward, there is a direct relationship, the intensity of his work is significantly increased. Participative management is widespread in leading Japanese corporations: †¢ Staff makes decisions about the organization of work; †¢ Employees working independently take decisions; setting goals are carried out jointly with the head; †¢ Employees independently control the quality and quantity of output †¢ Employees involved in innovative activities (quality circles, task force committees, etc.) †¢ Employees independently form working groups.